| HS Code | 646212 |
| Product Name | Magnesium Tert-Butoxide |
| Cas Number | 32149-57-8 |
| Einecs Number | 250-932-7 |
| Molecular Formula | C8H18MgO2 |
| Linear Formula | Mg(OC(CH3)3)2 |
| Molecular Weight | 170.53 g/mol |
| Exact Mass | 170.1157 g/mol |
| Appearance | White to off-white powder |
| Odor | Odorless |
| Form | Powder |
| Color | White to off-white |
| Purity | Typical ≥98% |
| Assay | ≥98% |
| Density | 1.04 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | >200 °C (decomposes) |
| Vapor Pressure | Negligible |
| Decomposition Temperature | >200 °C |
| Solubility | Reacts with water; soluble in organic solvents |
| Moisture Sensitivity | Moisture sensitive |
| Air Sensitivity | Air sensitive |
| Storage Conditions | Store under inert atmosphere; keep dry |
| Chemical Family | Metal alkoxide |
| Reactivity | Water-reactive |
| Hazard | Irritant; water-reactive |
| Incompatibilities | Water, acids, oxidizing agents |
| Synonyms | Magnesium di-tert-butoxide; Magnesium tert-butylate; Di-tert-butoxymagnesium |
As an accredited Magnesium Tert-Butoxide factory, we enforce strict quality protocols—every batch undergoes rigorous testing to ensure consistent efficacy and safety standards.
| Packing | Magnesium tert-butoxide supplied as 100 g in a sealed amber glass bottle under nitrogen, with moisture-resistant cap and GHS label. |
| Container Loading (20′ FCL) | 20′ FCL dry container loaded with Magnesium Tert-Butoxide drums, palletized, secured, labeled, with hazardous documentation ensuring safe compliant transport. |
| Shipping | Magnesium tert-butoxide is typically shipped as a hazardous, moisture-sensitive solid under inert gas in sealed UN-approved containers. Proper shipping name: UN 3205, Alkaline earth metal alcoholates, n.o.s. (Magnesium tert-butoxide), Class 4.2, PG II. Follow DOT/IATA/IMDG rules and keep away from water, heat, and ignition sources. |
| Storage | Store magnesium tert-butoxide in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from heat, ignition sources, water, acids, and oxidizers. Keep containers tightly closed, preferably under inert gas, to prevent moisture and air exposure. Use labeled, compatible containers. Avoid moisture contact; it may react vigorously. Maintain inventory and inspect regularly per SDS and local regulations. |
| Shelf Life | Magnesium Tert-Butoxide shelf life: approximately 2 years when kept tightly sealed, dry, cool, and protected from moisture and air. |
Dip-coating and spin-coating lines for dielectric buffer layers in flat-panel display and power electronics fabrication use magnesium tert-butoxide dissolved in anhydrous 2-methoxyethanol and acetylacetone-modified formulations. The tert-butoxide ligand confers a slower hydrolysis rate than magnesium ethoxide, allowing open-pot aging times of 12–48 h at 20–25 °C before gelation in ambient cleanroom conditions. Hydrolysis is controlled by the molar ratio of water to alkoxide; sol formulations are adjusted to H2O:M–OR ratios of 2:1 to 4:1 and nitric acid additions to pH 3.0–4.5. A dip-coating withdrawal speed of 1–10 mm/s yields wet films that densify during staged calcination at 450–600 °C to produce MgO layers with thicknesses of 80–250 nm; higher terminal temperatures degrade indium tin oxide or glass substrate interfaces. Adhesion is assessed under ASTM D3359-17, optical haze under ASTM D1003, and scratch propagation under ISO 1518-1:2019. The terminal article is a transparent MgO buffer layer used between phosphor and dielectric layers or as a resistive protective overcoat in plasma display panels and electroluminescent devices. Published data for Mg(OtBu)2-specific sol aging and film stress remains narrow, so industrial transfer should include thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry profiling of hydrolysis intermediates.
Ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide and ε-caprolactone in toluene or bulk monomer with magnesium tert-butoxide as initiator follows a coordination-insertion mechanism in which the Mg–tert-butoxide bond opens the first monomer unit at 80–130 °C. The monomer-to-initiator ratio, typically set between 50:1 and 500:1 for polycaprolactone and between 100:1 and 1000:1 for lactide, governs number-average molar mass; bulkiness of the tert-butoxide ligand reduces initiation efficiency relative to ethoxide or isopropoxide analogues, and residual monomer below 1 wt% requires vacuum devolatilization. The reactor is a stainless steel or borosilicate vessel purged with nitrogen or argon, with monomer pre-dried to water levels below 100 ppm. The terminal polyesters are tested under ISO 527-2:2012 tensile testing, ISO 1133-1:2022 melt flow rate, and ISO 10993-5 cytotoxicity when used in bioresorbable sutures or drug delivery microspheres. Food contact compliance follows EU 10/2011 total migration limits and FDA 21 CFR 175.300 for resinous and polymeric coatings; tin-free catalyst residues are a differentiating parameter. Published kinetic data specific to magnesium tert-butoxide in ROP remains limited, and molecular weight polydispersity values must be measured by gel permeation chromatography with polystyrene or poly(methyl methacrylate) calibration rather than predicted from monomer conversion alone.
In polyolefin catalyst manufacturing, magnesium alkoxides are chlorinated to produce MgCl2 support material with controlled crystallite size and internal porosity. Magnesium tert-butoxide is evaluated as an alternative to magnesium ethoxide because the bulkier tert-butoxide ligand modifies the chlorination exotherm and yields a narrower mesopore distribution when the precursor is ball-milled with TiCl4 at 4–10 °C and then activated at 90–110 °C. The molar ratio of TiCl4 to magnesium alkoxide is maintained between 2:1 and 6:1 in stirred glass-lined reactors, with tert-butanol and alkyl chloride by-products removed by inert gas stripping. The resulting MgCl2/TiCl4 procatalyst supports are washed with anhydrous hexane and co-activated with triethylaluminium at an Al/Ti molar ratio between 50:1 and 200:1. The terminal product is linear low-density polyethylene or high-density polyethylene resin processed into film or blow-molded containers. Melt flow rate is measured under ISO 1133-1:2022, film tensile properties under ASTM D882-18, and catalyst residues are controlled under FDA 21 CFR 177.1520 for olefin polymers intended for food contact. Published data for Mg(OtBu)2-derived support morphology is limited; porosity and crystallite size should be established by nitrogen physisorption and X-ray diffraction rather than assumed from ethoxide-derived supports.
In moisture-cured silane-grafted polyethylene wire and cable insulation, magnesium tert-butoxide is incorporated as a hydrolysis and condensation catalyst in masterbatch form at metal-to-grafted-silane molar ratios between 0.005:1 and 0.02:1. The alkoxide is compounded into silane-grafted PE on a twin-screw extruder with an L/D ratio of 44:1 and barrel profile of 150–190 °C, with vent vacuum maintained below 20 kPa absolute to remove tert-butanol released during mixing. All raw materials are pre-dried at 80 °C for 4–6 h when storage humidity exceeds 60% RH; moisture ingress before extrusion triggers premature Si–O–Si network formation and raises melt pressure at the die. The extrudate is pelletized and then jacketed or extruded onto copper conductors; crosslinking proceeds in a water bath or steam chamber at 60–95 °C for 4–24 h, depending on wall thickness. Gel content is determined by ASTM D2765-16 extraction in xylene, hot-set elongation under IEC 60811-2-1:1998, and insulation tensile strength under IEC 60502-1:2021. The terminal article is crosslinked polyethylene insulation rated for low-voltage and medium-voltage power distribution cables. No direct comparison of magnesium tert-butoxide with dibutyltin dilaurate in this system is available from public technical datasheets, so gel content and by-product volatility must be verified on the specific compounding line.
Magnesium oxide produced by pyrolysis of magnesium tert-butoxide at 600–900 °C in a flame spray pyrolysis unit yields MgO nanoparticles that are dispersed into fluorocarbon elastomers, chlorinated polyethylene, and halogenated butyl rubber compounds. The dosage for acid scavenging is normally 3–10 phr relative to elastomer, with the exact addition level established by cure rheometry rather than fixed proportion; overdosing raises compound viscosity at mixing temperatures above 70 °C and reduces compression set resistance. The MgO powder is dispersed in an internal mixer or two-roll mill at 40–70 °C, followed by addition of curatives in a second stage to prevent premature dehydrohalogenation. Cure kinetics are recorded on a moving die rheometer under ASTM D5289-19a, with minimum and maximum torque used to define scorch time and state of cure. The compounded sheet is compression molded at 150–180 °C and post-cured at 200–230 °C for 2–24 h. Terminal products include oil-field seals, automotive gaskets, and lining membranes. Compliance for automotive elastomer specifications is verified under ISO 1629 nomenclature, ASTM D395-18 compression set, and ASTM D2240-15 hardness; volatile residual tert-butanol must be monitored by gas chromatography headspace analysis because of REACH occupational exposure limits.
Fine chemical batch reactors use magnesium tert-butoxide as a non-nucleophilic base for selective enolate generation in aldol condensations, transesterifications, and epoxide ring-opening cascades. The reagent is typically charged as a 1–2 M suspension or solution in THF or toluene at −20 to 25 °C; the molar ratio of base to carbonyl substrate ranges from 1.0:1 to 1.5:1 because the divalent magnesium ion can coordinate to enolate oxygen and alter regioselectivity. The reactor is purged with nitrogen to maintain headspace moisture below 100 ppm, and the reagent is added as a solid or slurry through a glove box or solids addition valve to avoid hydrolysis to Mg(OH)2. After reaction, acidic quench with aqueous ammonium chloride or acetic acid liberates the desired β-hydroxy ester, β-keto ester, or diol intermediate; magnesium salts are removed by filtration and aqueous washing. The terminal products are pharmaceutical intermediates and electronic-grade monomers. Quality control includes ICH Q3D elemental impurity limits for magnesium, HPLC purity above 98.0%, and residual solvent analysis under USP <467>. Because published data for magnesium tert-butoxide deprotonation selectivity is limited compared with lithium or sodium tert-butoxide, process development should use in-situ reaction monitoring with ReactIR or Raman spectroscopy before scale-up.
Alkoxide-derived MgO nano-sols have been integrated into chromium-free anti-corrosion primer systems for cold-rolled steel and hot-dip galvanized substrates. Magnesium tert-butoxide is hydrolyzed in 2-propanol with acetylacetone as stabilizer and doped with organosilanes at Si:Mg molar ratios between 0.1:1 and 0.5:1 to improve film flexibility. The sol is mixed with an epoxy or polyurethane binder at 5–20 wt% MgO solids on total resin solids and applied by air-atomized spray or coil coating. Thermal curing is carried out at 120–180 °C for 5–30 min, depending on line speed and steel gauge. Corrosion resistance is assessed by neutral salt spray under ISO 9227:2022, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and adhesion under ISO 4624:2016. The terminal article is a coil-coated steel sheet for appliance housings or architectural cladding. REACH Annex XVII restrictions apply to any residual hexavalent chromium from previous coating layers; the magnesium oxide primer must pass condensate humidity testing under ISO 6270-1:2018. Published data for Mg(OtBu)2-derived primers is limited, and substitution of the tert-butoxide for ethoxide or methoxide requires verification of cure kinetics by differential scanning calorimetry and solvent resistance per ASTM D5402-19.
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Magnesium tert-butoxide, written as Mg[OC(CH3)3]2, is a solid magnesium alkoxide used in controlled hydrolysis, metal-oxide precursor chemistry, and catalyst-support preparation. The compound is registered under CAS 32149-57-8 and has a formula weight of 170.53 g/mol calculated from standard atomic weights. Commercial lots are usually supplied as a white to off-white powder or free-flowing granular solid; the exact particle-size distribution is lot-specific and should be verified against the supplier certificate of analysis. The material is moisture-sensitive. Contact with ambient humidity converts surface alkoxide groups to hydroxyl species and releases tert-butanol, altering both the dissolution behavior and the stoichiometric balance available for downstream reactions. Storage, sampling, and weighing are therefore performed under dry inert gas, typically argon or nitrogen having a dew point below -40 °C, in gloveboxes or Schlenk-type assemblies. The product should not be handled in open laboratory air for prolonged periods, and anhydrous solvents with water content below 100 mg/kg are preferred for solution preparation.
Commercially, the product is supplied in sizes ranging from research-scale glass ampoules to bulk packagings within sealed metal or high-density polyethylene overpacks. The material is usually packaged under an argon or nitrogen headspace; vacuum-dried containers are not universal, and moisture ingress during repackaging is a recognized source of batch-to-batch variation. Because magnesium tert-butoxide is not a homogeneous liquid at ambient temperature, quality-control sampling strategies must account for solid segregation. A composite sample drawn from the top, middle, and bottom of the container is preferred for assay and water-content determination. A single universal product model designation does not exist across the supply base; catalog numbers, packaging codes, and purity grades are manufacturer-specific. In procurement documents, the material should be defined by CAS registry number, formula weight, and critical analytical parameters rather than by a proprietary model name alone.
The tertiary alkoxide substituent differentiates magnesium tert-butoxide from magnesium methoxide and magnesium ethoxide primarily through steric hindrance at the oxygen-bearing carbon. In linear magnesium alkoxides, strong bridging between magnesium centers produces low solubility in nonpolar media and a pronounced tendency to form intractable gels when exposed to water. With tert-butoxide, the bulky C(CH3)3 group limits the number of coordinative bridges that can form per magnesium center, yielding a material that is more readily dispersed in anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, and alcoholic solvent systems. This does not imply moisture stability; hydrolysis still proceeds according to the stoichiometry Mg[OC(CH3)3]2 + 2 H2O → Mg(OH)2 + 2 (CH3)3COH, but the rate of water uptake at powder surfaces can be retarded relative to methoxide because the tertiary alkyl groups shield the metal–oxygen bond.
For sol–gel processing, this steric effect changes the practical processing window. A magnesium methoxide-based formulation may pass from a clear solution to a non-processable gel within a narrow water-to-alkoxide ratio, whereas magnesium tert-butoxide formulations generally tolerate slightly broader moisture excursions before gelation. Published data for this specific configuration is limited, and the exact sol–gel rheology must be determined by cone-and-plate or concentric-cylinder rheometry on the formulation actually used. Comparative data in the literature are often generated with silicon or titanium alkoxides; extrapolation to magnesium tert-butoxide without verifying aggregation state in the chosen solvent is unreliable.
| Property/processing feature | Mg(OtBu)2 | Mg(OMe)2 | Mg(OEt)2 | Al(OtBu)3 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formula weight | 170.53 g/mol | 86.37 g/mol | 114.43 g/mol | 246.32 g/mol |
| Alkoxide branching | Tertiary | Primary | Primary | Tertiary |
| Organic-solvent compatibility | Broad with ethers/alcohols; better hydrocarbon tolerance than linear Mg alkoxides | Limited; gelation risk | Limited; insolubility in nonpolar media | Broad; liquid at ambient |
| Hydrolytic sensitivity | High but sterically shielded | Very high | High | High |
Compared with potassium tert-butoxide, which is used as a strong non-nucleophilic base in organic synthesis, magnesium tert-butoxide is less basic and is not interchangeable in reactions requiring rapid deprotonation of weakly acidic substrates. Potassium tert-butoxide is appreciably soluble in tetrahydrofuran and tert-butanol and reacts violently with water; magnesium tert-butoxide is also water-reactive but has a different coordination environment and substantially lower solubility in pure hydrocarbon solvents. Compared with aluminium tert-butoxide, the magnesium compound produces a different oxide stoichiometry and residue chemistry after calcination. Aluminium tert-butoxide is a liquid or low-melting solid under ambient conditions and is widely used in sol–gel routes to alumina; magnesium tert-butoxide is a solid and leads to magnesia-containing phases. This difference is significant in multicomponent oxide deposition where the metal ratio in the final oxide film is controlled by the choice of mixed alkoxide precursors.
In preparation of crystalline magnesium oxide and mixed-oxide ceramics, magnesium tert-butoxide is frequently dissolved in anhydrous alcohol or an alcohol–ether mixture, reacted with a controlled amount of water or an organic acid modifier, and converted to a gel or precipitate. Hydrolysis water is often added as a dilute alcohol solution rather than as neat water to avoid localized overtreatment. The gel is dried and calcined under air or oxygen; the organic fraction decomposes through tert-butyl radical and isobutylene-type pathways, leaving an oxide residue. Because the tert-butoxide ligand contains a higher carbon-to-magnesium ratio than a methoxide or ethoxide ligand, calcination heating profiles must include a slow organic-removal ramp to avoid residual carbon and uncontrolled exothermic events. Small-scale ceramic work may use a ramp rate of 1–5 °C/min through the decomposition region, but large-scale thermal treatment requires calorimetric screening of the specific gel.
The kinetic response of magnesium tert-butoxide to water in alcohol solution can be monitored by rotational rheometry. In a typical oscillatory time sweep, the storage modulus crosses the loss modulus at a gel point that depends on water-to-alkoxide ratio, temperature, and solvent. For formulations based on magnesium methoxide, this crossing can occur rapidly and with little warning; for magnesium tert-butoxide, the longer gel-time window allows staged addition of water and modifiers, reducing variation in coating or casting operations. However, the longer induction period is not a substitute for moisture control in the solvent feed. A solvent water-content specification of not more than 100 mg/kg is commonly applied for alkoxide-based sol–gel work, and Karl Fischer checks on bulk solvents are required before batch charging.
Product particle size and dissolution procedure also affect reproducibility. If a coarse granular lot is added directly to alcohol, the dissolution front can be suppressed by surface hydrolysis if water is already present, causing agglomerate formation. It is preferable to add the solid slowly below the liquid surface with mechanical agitation while maintaining a positive inert-gas sweep. For tonne-scale reactors, a high-shear mixer may be required to eliminate local concentration gradients; the line size and impeller type should be selected based on viscosity of the resulting alkoxide solution. In low-tonnage batch production, pitched-blade impellers with 0.5–0.7 impeller-to-tank diameter ratio are typical for dissolving solids in low-viscosity solvents, but vendor mixing calculations should be completed for the specific tank geometry.
The material has also been evaluated as a precursor for magnesium oxide thin films and coatings by wet-chemical deposition. In such routes, solution stability is governed by choice of chelating agent; 2-methoxyethanol and 2-ethoxyethanol are frequently used to stabilize metal alkoxide solutions against premature precipitation. The specific complexation equilibria for magnesium tert-butoxide in these solvents are not fully documented in public literature, so process development should include Fourier-transform infrared monitoring of alkoxide speciation and Karl Fischer titration of residual water. In organic synthesis, magnesium tert-butoxide is less commonly referenced than lithium or potassium alkoxides, but it can function as a mild alkoxide base and magnesium source in selected condensation and transesterification reactions. Reaction design must account for the fact that the magnesium cation can coordinate to carbonyl oxygen and alter regioselectivity relative to group 1 alkoxides. Published data for this specific configuration is limited; synthetic chemists should verify compatibility with substrates containing base-sensitive functional groups.
Magnesium tert-butoxide can be used as a magnesium-containing intermediate in the preparation of catalyst supports, particularly where reaction with a chlorinating agent or titanium chloride precursor generates an active magnesium chloride-containing phase. In this context, the steric bulk of the tert-butoxide group is both an advantage and a process liability. The advantage is that it reduces uncontrolled oligomerization during initial dissolution and allows more uniform support morphology when the intermediate is precipitated or emulsified. The liability is that cleavage of the tert-butoxide group produces tert-butyl chloride or tert-butanol byproducts that must be removed from the catalyst support before polymerization. Residual oxygenated species and chlorinated organic fragments can poison active sites or shift the polymer molecular-weight distribution.
Batch-to-batch reproducibility in this application depends less on total assay and more on residual halide, residual tert-butanol, and trace-metal profiles. Iron, sodium, and calcium are common interfering elements, and their concentrations should be controlled at levels consistent with the intended catalyst. Analytical methods based on ICP-OES after acid digestion, such as ASTM E1479, are used to quantify metal impurities. Chloride is typically determined by ion chromatography after oxidative digestion or by silver titration where the matrix permits. The choice of method influences reported values; laboratories issuing certificates of analysis should identify the sample preparation route and not only the instrument test method.
The chlorination sequence is usually run in a dry aliphatic or aromatic diluent. Because the tert-butoxide group is sterically hindered, its displacement by chloride can require higher addition ratios or longer residence times than is typically required for magnesium ethoxide. This can increase the total organic byproduct load, which must be removed by filtration and washing. The washed support is then dried under vacuum at a temperature sufficient to remove solvent and residual tert-butyl compounds; the exact drying endpoint is monitored by headspace GC or thermogravimetric analysis. A support that retains tert-butoxide residues may perform differently in subsequent olefin polymerization because the residual oxygen-containing moiety can interact with the cocatalyst. Accordingly, a support specification often includes a maximum volatile organic residue, though published numerical limits are recipe-dependent and not publicly standardized.
The downstream polymerization performance is also influenced by particle size and morphology of the support. For catalyst-support syntheses conducted in stirred-tank reactors, the addition rate of the chlorinating agent, the stirring geometry, and the solvent aromatic-to-aliphatic ratio affect the final particle-size distribution. In laboratory optimization, a 2 L jacketed reactor with pitched-blade impeller and baffles provides a repeatable shear field; production-scale equipment requires geometric similarity and controlled feed ratios to replicate the same morphology. Published data for magnesium tert-butoxide-based support formation under current industrial catalyst recipes is limited, but the general requirements for low-moisture, low-oxygen handling can be extracted from patent literature and equipment vendors.
With respect to product specification, no harmonized global monograph exists for magnesium tert-butoxide; each supplier’s certificate of analysis defines the lot acceptance limits. The following analytical parameters are commonly reported because they directly affect downstream stoichiometry and robustness: appearance, assay as Mg[OC(CH3)3]2 by non-aqueous titration, water content by Karl Fischer titration in accordance with ASTM E203, chloride content, total metals by ICP-OES, and residual alcohol by headspace gas chromatography. Laboratories issuing certificates should operate under an accredited quality system such as ISO/IEC 17025:2017; this is not a product property but provides auditability of the reported values.
| Parameter | Reference method | Process relevance |
|---|---|---|
| Assay as Mg[OC(CH3)3]2 | Non-aqueous acid-base titration | Stoichiometric charging for sol-gel and support synthesis |
| Water | ASTM E203 Karl Fischer titration | Controls premature hydrolysis and gelation |
| Chloride | Ion chromatography after digestion | Catalyst poisoning and corrosion |
| Trace metals | ASTM E1479 ICP-OES | Metal impurity thresholds |
| Residual tert-butanol | Headspace GC-FID | Residual alcohol content and byproduct control |
A typical procurement specification for synthesis-grade material may require assay not less than 98.0%, water not more than 0.5%, and total halides not more than 500 mg/kg. These values are representative of commercial synthesis-grade alkali-earth alkoxides and are not universal; they should be confirmed with the manufacturer. The certificate should also state whether the product has been sieved or milled, because particle-size distribution influences dissolution rate and gelation kinetics in downstream processing. Some suppliers report loss on drying and residue on ignition as additional lot-specific indicators; these values are best compared only when the sample preparation and test conditions are identical.
Operational boundaries are strongly tied to ambient humidity. At relative humidity above 60%, exposure times of more than a few minutes during manual weighing are sufficient to alter surface chemistry; pre-drying of tools and use of a dry-room or glovebox are required. Containers should not be opened under high-humidity conditions unless a dry-air purge is available.
The product should be stored in a cool, dry location with the container tightly closed under inert gas. Once opened, the entire contents should ideally be consumed in a single campaign; repeated opening of a container under ambient conditions increases water and carbon dioxide ingress and can produce basic magnesium carbonate species at the surface. Carbon dioxide sensitivity is documented for magnesium methoxide and ethoxide, and magnesium tert-butoxide should be protected from CO₂ as a precaution. Waste streams containing unreacted metal alkoxide should be quenched under controlled cooling with a dry diluent and then slowly hydrolyzed; direct discharge to water or aqueous acid should be avoided until the exotherm has been assessed. The product is incompatible with aqueous acidic solutions, strong oxidizers, and compounds bearing acidic hydrogens. Exothermic release of tert-butanol occurs upon contact with water, low-molecular-weight alcohols may exchange alkoxide groups, and chlorinated solvents should be avoided if evidence of alkoxide-mediated dehydrochlorination exists. In practical terms, the product should be charged to a reactor only after the vessel has been dried and inerted, and the receiving solvent should be checked for water content. The use of ordinary rubber septa is not recommended for storage because moisture permeability and plasticizer extraction alter the headspace composition over time.
